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Research Publications - Working Papers

Working papers are dynamic "living" documents that report research in progress.  These papers represent research-in-progress by faculty and colleagues sponsored by the Mack Center at the Wharton School, on a variety of topics relating to the fundamentals of innovation, patterns of success and failure, winning and losing strategies, the evolution of industries, case studies and other areas of value to our industry and academic partners.  These documents are subject to change as colleagues and editors provide comments, and research data is compiled, expanded and analyzed.  Many working papers are downloadable; although some are not.  Note: We are in the process of updating these files so all papers may not yet be included.

 

2008 WORKING PAPERS & ARTICLES

Title: Are You a Vigilant Leader?

Authors: George S. Day, Paul J.H. Schoemaker

 

Title: A Look Into the Future of the U.S. Medical Device Market

Authors: Jim Austin, Terry Fadem, and Paul J.H. Schoemaker

 

Title: Balance Within and Across Domains: The Performance Implications of Exploration and Exploitation in Alliances

Authors: Dovev Lavie, Jingoo Kang, Lori Rosenkopf

 

Title: Capturing Value from Alliance Portfolios

Author: Dovev Lavie

 

Title: Close to you? Bias and Precision in Patent-based Measures of Technological Proximity

Authors: Mary Benner, Joel Waldfogel

 

Title: Complexity Theory, Market Dynamism, and the Strategy of Simple Rules

Authors: Jason P. Davis, Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Christopher B. Bingham

 

Title: Cognition and Renewal: Comparing CEO and Organizational Effects on Incumbent Adaptation to Technical Change

Authors: Sarah Kaplan, J.P. Eggers

 

Title: Corporate Disclosure of Competitive Advantages: Why Firms Direct Attention Toward Their Breakthroughs

Authors: Russell W. Coff, Peggy M. Lee, Scott Hayward

 

Title: Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns

Authors: Clayton M. Christensen, Michael B. Horn, Curtis W. Johnson Title:

 

Title: The Evolution of Alliance Portfolios: The Case of Unisys

Authors: Dovev Lavie, Harbir Singh

 

Title: The Future Challenges of Business: Rethinking Management Education and Research

Author: Paul J.H. Schoemaker

Title: Incentives Versus Diversity: Re-examining the Link Between Competition and Innovation

Authors: Kevin J. Boudreau, Nicola Lacetera, Karim R. Lakhani

 

Title: Inventive and Uninventive Clusters: The Case of Canadian Biotechnology

Authors: Barak S. Aharonson, Joel A.C. Baum, Anne Plunket

 

Title: The Impact of Uncertain Intellectual Property Rights on the Market for Ideas: Evidence from Patent Grant Delays

Authors: Joshua S. Gans, David Hsu, Scott Stern

 

Title: The Internet and Job Search

Author: Betsey Stevenson

 

Title: ISO 9000 Practices and Financial Performance: A Technology Coherence Perspective

Authors: Mary Benner, Francisco Veloso

 

Title: Location, Location, Location: An Analysis of Profitability of Position in Online Advertising Markets

Authors: Ashish Agarwal, Kartik Hosangar, Michael Smith

 

Title: Mobility of Technical Professionals and Firm Influence in Wireless Standards Committees

Authors: Gina Dokko, Lori Rosenkopf

 

Title: Modes of Cooperative R&D Commercialization by Start-ups

Authors: Vikas Aggarwal, David Hsu

 

Title: The Nature of Partnering Experience and the Gains from Alliances

Authors: Ranjay Gulati, Dovev Lavie, Harbir Singh

 

Title: Price Effects in Online Product Reviews: An Analytical Model and Empirical Analysis

Authors: Lorin M. Hitt, Xinxin Li

Title: Securities analysts and incumbent response to radical technological change: Evidence from digital photography and internet telephony

Author: Mary Benner 

 

Title: Social Capital Accessibility: An Empirical Study of Generative Mechanisms and Redundancy of Inter-firm Knowledge Access through Mob

Author: Rafael Corredoira

 

Title: Variation in Network Relationships and Upgrading in Emerging Market Firms: Lessons from the Argentine Autoparts Sector

Authors: Gerald A. McDermott, Rafael Corredoira

 

 

2007 WORKING PAPERS

Title: Aggregate Shocks or Aggregate Information? Costly Information and Business Cycle Co-movement

Authors: Laura Veldkamp, Justin Wolfers

 

Title: Alliance Portfolios and Firm Performance: A Study of Value Creation and Appropriation in the U.S. Software Industry

Author: Dovev Lavie

 

Title: The Antecedents and Innovation Consequences of Organizational Knowledge Brokering Capability

Authors: David H. Hsu, Kwanghui Lim

 

Title: Dynamic or Static Capabilities? Process Management Practices and Response to Technological Change

Author: Mary Benner

 

Title: Entrepreneurs from technology-based universities: Evidence from MIT

Authors: David H. Hsu, Edward B. Roberts, Charles E. Eesley

 

Title: Entrepreneurship in the Theory of the Firm: the Process of Obtaining Resources

Author: Thomas Hellmann

 

Title: Experienced entrepreneurial founders, organizational capital, and venture capital funding

Author: David H. Hsu

 

Title: Explaining the Favorite-Longshot Bias: Is it Risk-Love or Misperceptions?

Authors: Erik Snowberg, Justin Wolfers

 

Title: Financial Market Reactions Following Technological Discontinuities: a Non-Event Study in Two Industries

Author: Mary Benner

 

Title: The Incumbent Discount Stock Market Categories and Response to Radical Technological Change

Author: Mary Benner

 

Title: Is It Real? Can We Win? Is It Worth Doing? Managing Risk and Reward in an Innovation Portfolio

Author: George S. Day

 

Title: Lost on the Web: Does Web Distribution Stimulate or Depress Television Viewing?

Author: Joel Waldfogel

 

Title: Myopia of Selection: Does Organizational Adaptation Limit the Efficacy of Population Selection?

Authors: Daniel Levinthal, Hart E. Posen

 

Title: Patents as Quality Signals for Entrepreneurial Ventures

Authors: David H. Hsu, Rosemarie H. Ziedonis

 

Title: The Performance Implications of Timing of Entry and Involvement in Multipartner Alliances

Authors: Dovev Lavie, Christoph Lechner, Harbir Singh

 

Title: Piracy on the Silver Screen

Authors: Rafael Rob, Joel Waldfogel

 

Title: Public-Private Networks as Sources of Knowledge and Upgrading Capabilities: A Parametric Stroll through Argentine Vineyards

Authors: Gerald A. McDermott, Rafael Corredoira, Greg Kruse

 

Title: Reputations for Toughness in Patent Enforcement: Implications for Knowledge Spillovers via Inventor Mobility

Authors: Rajshree Agarwal, Martin Ganco, Rosemarie H. Ziedonis

 

Title: Revenue Management with Strategic Customers: Last-Minute Selling and Opaque Selling

Authors: Kinshuk Jerath, Serguei Netessine, Senthil K. Veeraraghavan

 

Title: Selective Myopia: A Comparison of Analysts' Reactions to Incumbent and Non-Incumbent Responses to Technological Change

Author: Mary Benner

2006 WORKING PAPERS

Title:  Organizing to Strategize in the Face of Interactions: Preventing Premature Lock-in
Authors: Jan W. Rivkin, Nicolaj Siggelkow


Title: Learning from Those Who Left: The Reverse Transfer of Knowledge through Mobility Ties
Authors: Rafael A. Corredoira, Lori Rosenkopf


Title: When exploration backfires: Unintended consequences of multilevel Organizational search
Authors:Nicolaj Siggelkow, Jan w. Rivkin


Title: Economic, political, and sociological drivers Of cross-national internet use
Authors:Mauro F. Guilln, Sandra L. Surez


Title: Commercialization of implantable Biosensors technology in Healthcare: Strategic planning using scenario Analysis
Authors:Nanda Ramanujam


Title: Patterned Interactions in Complex Systems: Implications for Exploration
Authors:Jan W. Rivkin, Nicolaj Siggelkow


2005 WORKING PAPERS

Title: The Politics of Institutional Renovation and Economic Upgrading: Lessons from the Argentine Wine Industry
Authors: Gerald A. McDermott


Title: Organizing to Strategize in the Face of Interactions: Preventing Premature Lock-in
Authors: Jan W. Rivkin, Nicolaj Siggelkow


Title: Moving from Customer Lifetime Value to Customer Equity
Authors: Xavier Drze, Andr Bonfrer


Title: An Empirical Investigation of the Impact of Communication Timing on Customer Equity
Authors: Xavier Drze, Andr Bonfrer


Title: The Politics of Institutional Renovation and Economic Upgrading: Lessons from the Argentine Wine Industry
Authors: Gerald A. McDermott


2004 WORKING PAPERS
2004-01                       
Title: Competitive Superiority in the Customer Relating Capability: The Role of   Information, Orientation and Organizational Configuration
Authors: George S. Day, Christophe Van den Bulte
Under review by Journal of Research in Marketing
http://www-marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/people/faculty/vandenbulte.html
 
2004-02                       
Title: Human Capital, Innovation Types and Technological Performance. An Empirical Study on the Biotechnology Industry.
Authors: Gino Cattani & Christina Fang
Under review in Academy of Management Journal
 
2004-03                       
Title: The distribution of R&D effort in systemic industries: Implications for competitive advantage
Authors: S. Ethiraj and P. Puranam
Advances in Strategic Management, Forthcoming in 2004, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
 
2004-04                       
Title: Where do capabilities come from and how do they matter?
Authors: S. Ethiraj,  P. Kale, M. S. Krishnan, and J. V. Singh
 
2004-05                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
Title: Bounded rationality and the search for organizational architecture
Authors: S. Ethiraj and D. Levinthal)
 
2004-06                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
Title: An empirical study of the impact of architectural change in complex   product systems on firm R&D productivity
Authors: S. Ethiraj and H. Posen
 
2004-07                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
Title: Allocation of inventive effort in complex product systems
Authors: S. Ethiraj 
 
2004-08                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
Title: Determinants of price in custom software: A Hedonic analysis of offshore development projects
Authors: S. Ethiraj, P. Kale, M.S. Krishnan, & J.V. Singh
 
2004-09                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
Title: Do financial markets price firm R&D strategies?
Authors: S. Ethiraj and H. Posen
 
2004-10                       
Title: Establishing the Innovation Performance Link: an Empirical Study of the Biotech Industry
Authors: Christina Fang
currently under preparation for submission
 
2004-11                       
Title: The Internationalization of the U.S. Venture Capital Industry
Authors: Isin Guler and Guillen,M 
Academy of Management acceptance
 
2004-12                       
Title: Firm- and Country-Level Tradeoffs and Contingencies in the Evaluation of Foreign Investment: The Semiconductor Industry, 1994-2002
Authors: Witold Henisz and Jeff Macher
Under Second Review at Organization Science
http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/henisz/papers/hm_tep.pdf
 
2004-13                       
Title: Interest Group Pressures and Change in Emergent Institutions: The Case of Foreign Investors and Host Country Governments
Authors: Henisz, Witold J. & Bennet A. Zelner 
Academy of Management Review Forthcoming
http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/henisz/papers/hz_ligpcei.pdf
 
2004-14                       
Title: Ten Principles for Political Risk Management
Authors: Henisz and Zelner
Draft to be submitted to California Management Review in Spring 2004
 
2004-15                       
Title: Biotechnology Entrepreneurs across Waves of Drug Discovery Innovations
Authors: David Hsu and Prof. Kwanghui
 
2004-16                       
Title: Choosing Equity Stakes in Technology Sourcing Relationships: An Integrative Framework
Authors: Prashant Kale, P. Puranam
Forthcoming in the California Mgmt Journal, 2004
 
2004-17                       
Title: A study of firm capabilities and performance in the Software Services industry
Authors: S. Ethiraj, Prashant Kale, M.S. Krishnan, and J. Singh
Conditional Acceptance in  Strategic Management Journal
 
2004-18                       
Title:  On Strategic Accumulation of Intangible Assets
Authors: Knott, Anne Marie, David Bryce and Hart Posen
Organization Science, 14 (2) 192-207
http://www.extenzaeps.com/extenza/contentviewing/viewJournalIssueTOC.do?issueId=1421    
 
2004-19                       
Title: Does Competition Increase Innovation? New Evidence from Old Industries
Authors: Knott, Anne Marie and Hart Posen
Under review at Research Policy
 
2004-20                       
Title: Decomposition and Innovation: Capturing Exploration/Exploitation  Complementarities
Authors: Knott, Anne Marie and Brian Wu
Submitted for presentation at SMS
 
2004-21                       
Title: The Coevolution of Firms and Their Alliance Networks: The Case of Unisys
Authors: Dovev Lavie, Harbir Singh
Submitted to Organization Science
 
2004-22                       
Title: The Performance Implications of Alliance Networks:  The Case of the U.S. Software Industry
Authors: Dovev Lavie
 
2004-23                       
Title:  Executive Succession, Strategic Reorientation and Performance Growth: A Longitudinal Study in the U.S. Cement Industry
Authors: Lori Rosenkopf and Tushman, M. L.
Management Science, 42: 939-953
 
2004-24                       
Title: To have or to hold:  Stocks of competence and flows of knowledge      in inter-firm technology networks
Authors: Gina Dokko, Lori Rosenkopf
 
2004-25                       
Title:  Is it a small world or an endogenous world? A contingency theory of network evolution
Authors: Lori Rosenkopf and Giovanna Padula
 
2004-26                       
Title:  Product Variety and the Industry Lifecycle
Authors: Karthik Balasubramaniam, Taylor Randall, and Karl Ulrich
Under review at Management Science.
 
2004-27                       
Title: Ivory Tower and Industrial Innovation: University-Industry Technology Transfer Before and After the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States               
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis, David C. Mowery, Richard R. Nelson, Bhaven N. Sampat
Stanford University Press, 2004.
 
2004-28                       
Title: Patent Citations and the Economic Value of Patents
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis, Bhaven N. Sampat in Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research, Ulrich Schmoch, Henk Moed, and Wolfgang Glnzel
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston MA, forthcoming
 
2004-29                       
Title: The Geographic Reach of Market and Nonmarket Channels of Technology Transfer:  Comparing Citations and Licenses of University Patents
Authors: Ardvids Ziedonis, David C. Mowery
NBER Working Paper #8568, invited to resubmit to The
Journal of Industrial Economics.
 
2004-30                       
Title: Start-Ups, Established Firms, and the Commercialization of University Inventions
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis, Robert A. Lowe
Submitted to Management Science
 
2004-31                       
Title: Real Options in Technology Acquisition
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis,
 
2004-32                       
Title: Learning and Exercise Choice in Real Options Contracts 
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis 
 
2004-33                       
Title:  Cite-Seeing: Patent Citations and the Economic Value of Patents
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis, Bhaven N. Sampat
 
2004-34                       
Title: Research Consortia and the Diffusion of Technological Knowledge: Insights from SEMATECH
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis, Rosemarie H. Ziedonis and Brian S. Silverman
 
2004-35                       
Title:  Do Patent Citations Measure Knowledge Spillovers?
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis
 
2004-36                       
Title:  Don't Fence Me In:  Fragmented Markets for Technology and the Patent Acquisition Strategies of Firms
Authors:  R.H. Ziedonis
Management Science
 
2004-37                       
Title:  Try Before You Buy:  Corporate Venture Capital and the Integration of Acquired Firms' Technology
Authors: David Benson, R.H. Ziedonis
Work in progress
 
2004-38                       
Title:  Research Consortia and the Diffusion of Technological Knowledge:  Insights from SEMATECH
Authors:  B.S. Silverman, A.A. Ziedonis, and R.H. Ziedonis
Work in progress
 
2004-39                       
Title:  Employee Communication: A Comparison of Email, Telephone, Intranet, and Proximity Networks
Authors: Joan Allatta
 
2004-40                       
Title:  Structural Analysis of Communities of Practice: An Investigation of Job title, Location, and Management Intention
Authors:  Joan Allatta
 
2004-41                       
Title:   Your Operations Strategy: Make, Migrate or Outsource
Authors:  Aron, R., Singh, J.
Harvard Business Review
 
2004-42                       
Title:   A study of firm capabilities and performance in the Software Services industry[1]
Authors:  Sendil K Ethiraj, Prashant Kale, M.S. Krishnan, Jitendra V. Singh
Strategic Management Journal
 
2004-43                       
Title: Determinants of Price in Custom Software:
A Hedonic Analysis of Offshore Development Projects
Authors:  Sendil K Ethiraj, Prashant Kale, M.S. Krishnan, Jitendra V. Singh
Management Science
 
2004-44                      
Title: Micro-Rules and Macro-Patterns:
A New Kind of Organization Science?
Authors:  Mihnea Moldoveanu, Jitendra V. Singh
Organization Science
 
2004-45                       
Title: Exploration, Exploitation and the Adaptive Potential of Organizations
Authors: Sendil K Ethiraj, Jitendra V. Singh
Administrative Science Quarterly
 
2004-46                       
Title: Right sourcing Services: Make, Migrate or Outsource?
Authors: Ravi Aron, Jitendra Singh
Harvard Business Review
 
2004-47                       
Title:  Knowledge Seeking and Knowledge Transfer by MNCs
Authors: Juan Alcacer, Heather Berry and Wilbur Chung
2003 WORKING PAPERS
2003-01                       
Title: Pre-adaptation, Firm Heterogeneity and Technological Performance: A Study on the Evolution of Fiber Optics
Authors: Gino Cattani                        
 
2003-02                       
Title: Divergent Selection and Technological Innovation: Evidence from Corning Inc.
Authors: Gino Cattani & Sidney Winter
                         
2003-03                       
Title: Vertical Integration, Product Differentiation and Firm Performance: A Study on the Evolution of the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Gino Cattani, Witold Henisz & Jeffrey Macher
 
2003-04                       
Title: Search for New Technologies in the Absence of Complete Foresight: A Fractal Landscape Model of Organizational Search
Authors: Gino Cattani & Sidney Winter
 
2003-05                       
Title: To have or to hold:  Stocks of competence and flows of knowledge      in inter-firm technology networks
Authors: Gina Dokko, Lori Rosenkopf

2003-06                       
Title: Modularity and innovation in complex systems
Authors: S. Ethiraj. and D. A. Levinthal
Management Science, 50 (2), 159-73
 
2003-07                       
Title: Alliance Learning Capability and Firm-Level Alliance Success
Authors: Prashant Kale and H. Singh
Under revision at Strategic Management Journal
 
2003-08                       
Title: Is Failure Good?
Authors: Knott, Anne Marie and Hart Posen
under review at JLEO
Presented at:
September 17, 2003. Fuqua, Duke University, Management Seminar
September 23, 2003. HBS Entrepreneurial Management Seminar
November 6, 2003. Stern School, NYU, Global Business Initiative Seminar
October 25, 2003 Annual Strategy Research Conference at HBS
 
2003-09                       
Title:  The Nature of Partnering Experience and the Gains from Alliances
Authors: Ranjay Gulati, Dovev Lavie, and Harbir Singh
Under review at Strategic Management Journal
 
2003-01             
Title: The Performance Implications of Timing of Entry and Involvement in Multi-Partner Alliances
Authors: Dovev Lavie, Christoph Lechner, and Harbir Singh
 
2003-10                       
Title:  Startup Size and the Mechanisms of External Learning: Increasing Opportunity and Decreasing Ability?
Authors: Lori Rosenkopf, Almeida, and P.G. Dokko
Research Policy, 32:301-315
http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/rosenkopf/documents/RP2003.pdf
 
2003-11                       
Title:  Executive Succession, Strategic Reorientation and Performance Growth: A Longitudinal Study in the U.S. Cement Industry
Authors: Lori Rosenkopf and Tushman, M. L.
Management Science, 42: 939-953
 
2003-12                       
Title:  Balancing Search and Stability: Interdependencies Among Elements of Organizational Design
Authors: Jan W. Rivkin and Nicolaj Siggelkow
Management Science, 49, pp. 290-311
http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/siggelkow/pdfs/BalanceMS.pdf
 
2003-13                       
Title:  Speed, Search, and the Failure of Simple Contingency          
Authors: Nicolaj Siggelkow and Jan Rivkin           
Under review 
http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/siggelkow/pdfs/EvChange2.0.pdf
 
2003-14                       
Title: Changes in University Patent Quality After the Bayh-Dole Act: A Re-Examination
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis, David C. Mowery and Bhaven N. Sampat
International Journal of Industrial Organization 21(9): 1371-1390, 2003
 
2003-15                       
Title:  The Geographic Reach of Market and Nonmarket Channels of Technology Transfer:  Comparing Citations and Licenses of University Patents
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis, David C. Mowery, and John Cantwell
Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc., Northampton MA, forthcoming
 
2003-16                       
Title: An Empirical Examination of Aggregate Patterns in U.S. Venture Capital Decision Making
Authors: Isin Guler
Working paper
 
2003-17                       
Title:  Optimal Monitoring and Control in Outsourcing Services: A Model of The Extended Organizational Form and Survey Findings
Authors:  Aron, R., and Liu, Y
Under review at the Information Systems Research
 
2003-18                       
Title:  Monitoring Precision in Outsourcing Contracts with Output Verification Costs
Authors: Aron, R., and Olivares, M
Work in progress
 
2003-19                       
Title: Does Competition Increase Innovation? New Evidence from Old Industries
Authors: Knott, A. M. & Posen, H. E.
Working Paper - Under review at Research Policy
 
2003-20                       
Title:  Is Failure Good?
Authors:  Knott, A. M. & Posen, H. E.
Under review at the Strategic Management Journal
 
2003-21                       
Title: Intermediate Selection on a Developmental Journey
Authors:  Levinthal, D. & Posen, H.
Mack Center Working Paper
 
2003-22                       
Title: Use Evolutionary Logic as An Explanation-Generating Engine for the Study of Strategic Organization!
Authors:  Mihnea  Moldoveanu, Jitendra Singh
Organization Science
 
2001-01                       
Title: How to Make Strategic Alliances Work
Authors: Prashant Kale, Jeff Dyer and H. Singh
Sloan Management Review, Summer 2001
 
2001-02 WORKING PAPERS
2001-02                       
Title: Beyond Local Search: Boundary-spanning, Exploration, and Impact in the Optical Disc Industry
Authors: Lori Rosenkopf and A. Nerkar
Strategic Management Journal, 22: 287-306
http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/rosenkopf/documents/RosenkopfNerkar2001.pdf
 
2001-03                       
Title:  From the Bottom Up? Technical Committee Activity and Alliance Formation
Authors: Lori Rosenkopf, A. Metiu and V. George
Administrative Science Quarterly, 46:748-772
http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/rosenkopf/documents/ASQ2001.pdf
 
2001-04                       
Title:  Numbers, Quality, and Entry:  How has the Bayh-Dole Act Affected US University Patenting and Licensing?"
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis, David C. Mowery in Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 1.  Adam Jaffe, Josh Lerner and Scott Stern
MIT Press, Cambridge MA
 
2002-01                       
Title: Alliance Capability, Stock-Market Response, and Long-Term   Alliance Success: The Role of the Alliance Function
Authors: Prashant Kale, Jeff Dyer, and H. Singh
Strategic Management Journal, Aug 2002
 
2002-02                       
Title: Effects of Market Liberalization on Joint Venture Contributions, Control, Stability and Performance
Authors: Prashant Kale and J. Anand
(Paper Award, International Management Division, Academy of Management Annual Conference, 2002)
 
2002-03                       
Title:  Organizational Sticking Points on NK Landscapes
Authors: Jan W. Rivkin and Nicolaj Siggelkow
Complexity, 7 (5), pp. 31-43
http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/siggelkow/pdfs/OrgStickComplex.pdf
 
2002-04                       
Title:  Learning to Patent:  Institutional Experience, Learning, and the
Characteristics of University Patents After Bayh-Dole, 1980-1994  
Authors: Arvids Ziedonis, David C. Mowery and Bhaven N. Sampat
Management Science 48(1): 73-89, 2002